WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:02.700 Participatory Web 00:02.700 --> 00:06.300 - with wikis, comments, tags and hashtags - 00:06.300 --> 00:08.000 has transformed our hobbies. 00:08.613 --> 00:10.508 But what about work? 00:10.508 --> 00:12.810 more specifically, intellectual work, 00:12.810 --> 00:15.151 also known as "knowledge work" ? 00:15.151 --> 00:17.250 This is precisely what we are exploring 00:17.250 --> 00:21.122 through the software prototypes of the Hypertopic platform. 00:21.122 --> 00:24.500 This software platform is born 00:24.500 --> 00:28.000 from collaboration between researchers from different universities 00:28.000 --> 00:30.543 and, above all, from different disciplines. 00:30.543 --> 00:34.500 These researchers agreed on the need to take into account 00:34.500 --> 00:38.613 in computer models for these knowledge workers, 00:38.613 --> 00:41.926 the fact that points of view may differ, 00:41.926 --> 00:45.778 the fact that not everything can be classified or counted, 00:45.778 --> 00:50.747 or that certain notions cannot be translated from one language to another. 00:50.747 --> 00:56.349 But what is common between the approach of an art historian studying a stained glass window, 00:56.349 --> 00:59.647 a sociologist investigating teachers who "drop out", 00:59.647 --> 01:02.287 students translating a Perrault fairy tale, 01:02.287 --> 01:07.426 and a committed citizen wanting to transpose ecological transition initiatives locally? 01:07.426 --> 01:11.100 They all devote time and attention 01:11.100 --> 01:13.897 to building the object they will later study. 01:13.897 --> 01:17.986 They document it so that it is admissible by others as a source. 01:17.986 --> 01:21.000 As seen in the animation on the screen, 01:21.000 --> 01:24.300 The description model must be sufficiently free 01:24.300 --> 01:27.541 to accommodate the singularity and originality of each source, 01:27.541 --> 01:29.000 but at the same time 01:29.000 --> 01:32.000 must encourage a certain sedimentation of description 01:32.000 --> 01:35.458 so that these sources gradually become a corpus. 01:35.458 --> 01:40.141 Then, it is time to interpret these sources. 01:40.141 --> 01:44.000 The first form of interpretation that came to mind 01:44.000 --> 01:46.028 was categorization. 01:46.028 --> 01:50.234 As the most important thing is often the least consensual, 01:50.234 --> 01:52.845 categories belong to "viewpoints", 01:52.845 --> 01:55.973 points of view that can be those of different experts, 01:55.973 --> 01:57.800 different schools of thought 01:57.800 --> 01:59.779 or from different disciplines. 01:59.779 --> 02:04.440 Furthermore, unlike traditional knowledge management tools, 02:04.440 --> 02:07.800 categories are constructed by the actors themselves, 02:07.800 --> 02:10.100 in situation, as close as possible to the case, 02:10.100 --> 02:13.271 before being reused for other similar cases. 02:13.271 --> 02:16.742 In more general terms, 02:16.742 --> 02:24.032 whether it is a translator who wants to introduce a work to the public, 02:24.032 --> 02:27.694 to new readers across language and cultural barriers, 02:27.694 --> 02:32.040 or a sociologist who wants to report to his peers and to society at large 02:32.040 --> 02:34.193 a social fact experienced by his informants, 02:34.193 --> 02:38.746 interpretation involves determining the unit that makes sense, the fragment, 02:38.746 --> 02:40.880 interpretation involves exploring all possible meanings, 02:40.880 --> 02:45.584 and finally it involves the careful choice of words to translate without "betraying". 02:45.584 --> 02:49.792 From reformulation to reformulation, a graph is created, 02:49.792 --> 02:53.634 a hypertext as imagined by Theodor Nelson in the 60s, 02:53.634 --> 02:57.565 a way of hijacking computers, 02:57.565 --> 03:01.098 into what he called "literary machines". 03:01.098 --> 03:08.066 Interpreting sources often leads to theorizing. 03:08.066 --> 03:16.044 The sociologist, for example, articulate the different dimensions of the experience of the actors he meets, 03:16.044 --> 03:20.195 to account for situations that are attested and therefore possible. 03:41.000 --> 03:47.000 The art historian will sometimes incorporate more general knowledge 03:47.000 --> 03:49.454 from archival documents. 03:56.500 --> 03:59.400 As in the screenshot in the upper right corner, 03:59.400 --> 04:01.756 the translator, for a recurring term, 04:01.756 --> 04:05.813 given the various translations he has provided in previous contexts, 04:05.813 --> 04:09.406 is going to set out in a glossary the ones that would suit all of them. 04:09.406 --> 04:14.046 Many of these knowledge workers prefer, 04:14.046 --> 04:16.683 at first, to work without being seen. 04:16.683 --> 04:20.332 Afterwards, they will be able to invite collaborators, 04:20.332 --> 04:22.782 and disseminate their work more widely. 04:24.000 --> 04:28.561 This phase, which is essential for initiating a participatory approach, 04:28.561 --> 04:30.843 is often hampered by a lack of knowledge 04:30.843 --> 04:33.044 about personal data protection 04:33.044 --> 04:35.004 or intellectual property. 04:35.004 --> 04:37.976 On this point, for example, we experiment 04:37.976 --> 04:41.528 support in choosing "Creative Commons" licenses. 04:43.000 --> 04:46.130 The last phase, which completes the cycle 04:46.130 --> 04:49.572 between the share of an interpretation or a theory 04:49.572 --> 04:52.980 and the creation of a new interpretation by a new actor, 04:52.980 --> 04:57.500 seems to be a debate, a more informal discussion. 04:57.500 --> 05:00.687 This is why we recently experimented 05:00.687 --> 05:04.217 the reuse of ready-to-use discussion components. 05:04.217 --> 05:07.502 Initial observations suggest that, 05:07.502 --> 05:10.700 the intellectual, scientific, debate 05:10.700 --> 05:13.941 would require additional features, 05:13.941 --> 05:16.583 such as the including bibliographical references, 05:16.583 --> 05:19.786 or showing, indicating, 05:19.786 --> 05:21.379 a fragment of the source. 05:22.500 --> 05:25.500 Through these five verbs, we have seen that 05:25.500 --> 05:29.096 despite the obvious differences between the work of a sociologist, 05:29.096 --> 05:30.628 a translator, an art historian, 05:30.628 --> 05:32.231 an engaged citizen, 05:32.231 --> 05:34.641 there were analogies in method 05:34.641 --> 05:37.553 in the interpretative paths followed. 05:37.553 --> 05:41.388 Within the Hypertopic software platform 05:41.388 --> 05:43.956 we explore, for each of these steps, 05:43.956 --> 05:48.777 different uses, different ways of theorizing and instrumenting them. 05:48.777 --> 05:53.894 Gradually, it becomes possible to mutualize the corresponding software components, 05:53.894 --> 05:58.830 and, in this way, to ensure that the work of the community benefits each participant. 05:58.830 --> 06:01.441 For an even wider impact, 06:01.441 --> 06:05.327 the entire platform is published as free software. 06:05.327 --> 06:07.726 We hope to contribute 06:07.726 --> 06:09.704 to what Theodor Nelson wanted to create 06:09.704 --> 06:12.500 by inventing the notion of "hypertext" 06:12.500 --> 06:13.700 almost 60 years ago : 06:13.700 --> 06:16.241 "Literary machines", 06:16.241 --> 06:20.300 in other words: "a digital architecture for intellectual work".